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Comprehensive review of BPC-157 across multiple animal models — accelerated healing of tendons, muscle, gut and bone injury via VEGF and NO pathway modulation.

Test summary

Official United States prescribing information for tesamorelin.

A product-associated study reported laboratory anti-inflammatory and extracellular-matrix effects and cosmetic improvements with topical acetyl dipeptide-31 amide.

Early randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study assessing once-weekly pemvidutide in adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

A placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated pyr-apelin-13 in healthy participants and people with chronic kidney disease.

Randomized phase 2 dose-finding trial of once-weekly survodutide or placebo in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.

Phase 2 randomized double-blind trial evaluating multiple once-weekly retatrutide dose regimens against placebo for 48 weeks in adults with obesity or overweight without diabetes.

Randomized crossover study of kisspeptin in men with HSDD.

Phase 3 randomized double-blind trial comparing three once-weekly tirzepatide doses with placebo for 72 weeks in adults with obesity or overweight without diabetes.

A randomized phase 2 study evaluated locally injected ACE-083 in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Randomized crossover study examining sexual and attraction-related brain processing.

A randomized infusion study evaluated whether prolonged VIP exposure provokes migraine attacks.

Analytical study developing detection methods for IGF-1 analogues and assessing detectability after administration in rats.

Phase 2 dose-finding trial comparing once-weekly cagrilintide doses with placebo and open-label liraglutide in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.

A 48-week randomized phase 2 trial compared bimagrumab with placebo in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Narrative review of BPC-157 research across wound-healing models, with evidence drawn predominantly from animal and laboratory studies.

A narrative review examined synthetic peptides used in cosmetics for sensitive skin, including acetyl tetrapeptide-15.

Human study measuring mitochondrial-derived peptides after acute exercise.

A first-in-human study evaluated MANP, an engineered atrial natriuretic peptide analogue, in adults with hypertension.

A multi-component cosmetic procedure study included acetyl hexapeptide-19 within a soft-peeling formulation.

Double-blind randomized trial comparing once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg with placebo plus lifestyle intervention for 68 weeks in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.

An in vitro study examined effects of AEDG on gene expression and protein synthesis during neuronal differentiation of human stem cells.

Review of angiotensin IV, the AT4 binding site and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase inhibitor development.

A review of adrenomedullin biology, receptor pharmacology and therapeutic development.

Narrative review of BPC-157 across rodent models of tendon, muscle, gut and CNS injury.

A 24-week randomized triple-blind trial compared a multi-ingredient hair formulation containing acetyl tetrapeptide-3 with 3% minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia.

Two phase 3 trials of bremelanotide in premenopausal women with HSDD.

A case report described improvement in premature hair greying during combined treatment that included a topical acetyl hexapeptide-1 product.

An IUPHAR review summarised apelin-receptor structure, endogenous ligands, signalling and pharmacology.

Official prescribing information for bremelanotide.

A 52-week extension evaluating longer-term safety and persistence of effect.

An in vitro study evaluated acetyl tetrapeptide-2 and another cosmetic peptide in human keratinocyte cells.

Review of proposed molecular mechanisms of Selank.

Study examining Semax with early rehabilitation after ischemic stroke.

Experimental study of kisspeptin and limbic responses to sexual and bonding stimuli.

Study of GHK-Cu liposomes in endothelial cells and a mouse scald-wound model.

Ascending-dose randomized trial of ACE-031 in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primarily evaluating safety.

A narrative review described cosmetic peptide classes, including acetyl hexapeptide-1 as a melanogenesis-related cosmetic peptide.

Review of dermal-healing mechanisms and clinical development.

Review of MOTS-c biology and metabolic research.

The study compared cardiovascular responses to urocortin-2 and urocortin-3 in healthy volunteers and people with chronic heart failure.

The study described design and preclinical characterisation of the single-chain relaxin mimetic B7-33.

Foundational study identifying MOTS-c and examining metabolic effects.

Randomized double-blind trial of liraglutide 3.0 mg or placebo, alongside diet and exercise, in adults with obesity or overweight and related comorbidity.

A synthetic biased apelin-receptor agonist was characterised preclinically and evaluated in a first-in-human vascular study.

Exploratory study in people with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy.

Comparative study in 60 patients with anxiety-spectrum and somatoform disorders.

Randomized study evaluating visceral and liver fat during six months of tesamorelin.

Rat focal-ischemia study of Semax-related gene expression.

Mass-spectrometric characterization of a manufactured full-length MGF derivative to support sports-drug testing.

Independent laboratory evaluation of native and stabilised synthetic MGF peptides in mouse and human muscle-cell systems.

The study examined xenin-25 effects on gastric emptying, insulin secretion and post-meal glucose.

A small regional clinical study assessed the vascular tripeptide Vezugen in men with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction and urinary symptoms.

Double-blind placebo-controlled single ascending-dose study of ACE-031 in healthy postmenopausal women.

Urocortin-2 and urocortin-3 were administered to healthy volunteers to assess local vascular responses.

An observational study measured adropin and flow-mediated dilation in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Animal study of Thymosin Beta-4 after surgically created medial collateral ligament injury.

Clinical study evaluating symptoms and corneal nerve fibres in sarcoidosis.

A randomized double-blind pilot trial assessed ARA-290 in sarcoidosis-associated small-fibre neuropathy.

The study tested whether xenin-25 augments GIP-mediated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in different glucose-tolerance groups.

Study of synthetic MGF E-domain peptide in cultured human muscle progenitor cells obtained from donors of different ages.

Pooled analysis of two phase 3 studies in antiretroviral-treated adults with excess abdominal fat.

Randomized placebo-controlled study with an extension evaluating tesamorelin in adults living with HIV who had excess abdominal fat accumulation.

A phase 1 trial evaluated subcutaneous angiotensin-1-7 in patients with advanced solid tumours.

A detailed review described VIP and PACAP receptor ligands, signalling and physiological functions.

Comparative study of Selank and medazepam in 62 patients.

Review of GHK/GHK-Cu in tissue remodelling, wound repair and skin biology.

The original discovery study identified adropin as an ENHO-encoded peptide involved in energy homeostasis.

Review of pramlintide, a synthetic amylin analogue used with mealtime insulin in diabetes.

The acute haemodynamic and gas-exchange effects of inhaled aviptadil were studied in chronic pulmonary hypertension.

The study assessed haemodynamic, neurohormonal and renal responses to urocortin-2 in people with heart failure.

A comprehensive review described natriuretic peptide structure, receptors, physiology and therapeutic applications.

Critical review of DSIP biology and the sleep-factor hypothesis.

Two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind ascending-dose studies evaluated single and repeated subcutaneous CJC-1295 in healthy adults.

Controlled evaluation of topical copper tripeptide products after laser resurfacing.

Study of Epitalon-related endocrine measures in aged monkeys.

A small controlled study examined acute food intake and hormone responses after subcutaneous GHRP-2 in healthy lean men.

Brief development summary describing AOD-9604 as a candidate obesity drug.

A placebo-controlled infusion study evaluated endocrine, haemodynamic and renal responses to urocortin-1 in healthy volunteers.

Contemporary review of AOD-9604 development for obesity, including the existence of early phase clinical studies.

Laboratory report of chromatin-related changes after Epitalon exposure.

Long-term mouse study of Epitalon and ageing-related outcomes.

Review describing identification of the AT4 binding site as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase.

A laboratory study reported telomerase activation and telomere elongation after exposure of human fibroblasts to the AEDG tetrapeptide described as Epithalon.

Mouse study of AOD-9604 and lipid metabolism.

A placebo-controlled crossover experiment studied short-term intravenous adrenomedullin in seven healthy adults.

Study of the related C-terminal growth hormone fragment AOD-9401 in obese mice and human adipose tissue preparations.

A mouse study reported biological effects of the synthetic Lys-Glu dipeptide known as Vilon.

Study of AOD-9604 in obese Zucker rats.

Rat full-thickness wound model evaluating Thymosin Beta-4.

A dose-escalation pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study assessed intravenous ipamorelin and growth hormone responses in healthy volunteers.

Review of sermorelin as a diagnostic growth hormone stimulus and as treatment in selected children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency.

A clinical study evaluated pramlintide in adults with type 1 diabetes.

Study of Semax in 30 patients during acute hemispheric ischemic stroke.

Small experimental study evaluating acute GHRP-6 effects on sleep and pituitary-adrenal hormones in healthy men.

The study identified and characterised urocortin as a mammalian member of the corticotropin-releasing factor peptide family.

Double-blind placebo-controlled rising-dose study of intravenous hexarelin in healthy male volunteers.

Double-blind matched-pairs study in 16 people with chronic insomnia.

Summary of five small double-blind human studies using intravenous DSIP.